However, social environments defined by partner phenotypes present novel challenges for animal models, such as accounting for temporal feedback between social partners’ phenotypes, differentiating the effects of assortment and social plasticity between partners, and avoiding bias due to correlated residual effects on measurements taken within and among social interactions ( Martin and Jaeggi 2021). The classical animal models estimated by these programs can be used to describe reaction norms defined over non-social environments, with reaction norm slopes estimated on directly measured environmental gradients. 2018) or the Bayesian open-source R package MCMCglmm ( Hadfield 2010). SAMs cannot be straightforwardly implemented with currently available software for quantitative genetic analysis, such as the frequentist ASREML program ( Butler et al. 5.4 Estimating selection differentials and genetic responses.2.3.3 Repeated measurements within the partner.
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